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CAD Import Module
The CAD Import Module adds support for importing several 3D CAD file formats into the COMSOL modeling environment. It also provides a robust platform, including repair and defeaturing tools, to prepare the geometry for multiphysics modeling. The detailed tutorials that follow start you off with becoming efficient in using the provided functionality.
ECAD Import Module
The ECAD Import Module expands the capabilities of COMSOL Multiphysics with the construction of 3D geometry from popular ECAD layout formats, namely GDS II, IPC-2581, and ODB++. You can configure the provided import tool with selective import of layers and nets from the files. The module enables you to store and import layer information from text files, and allows for faster model set up by automatically generating selections that you can use during the modeling process.
Design Module
The Design Module provides tools such as constraints and dimensions to create 2D geometry, and the geometry features loft, thicken, mid-surface, fillet, and chamfer, for creating geometry in 3D. Using the loft operation, you can generate 3D geometry based on cross-sectional profiles, while the mid-surface enables the simplification of imported geometry objects for shell type analyses. Using a combination of mid-surface and thicken operations you can even re-parameterize and optimize the thickness of imported geometry. The module also adds support for importing several 3D CAD file formats, and includes repair and defeaturing functionality for preparing imported geometry for analysis.
CFD Module
The CFD Module is used by engineers and scientists to understand, predict, and design for fluid flow in closed and open systems. At a given cost, these types of simulations typically lead to new and better products and improved operations of devices and processes compared to purely empirical studies involving fluid flow. As a part of an investigation, simulations give accurate estimates of flow patterns, pressure losses, forces on submerged objects, temperature distributions, and variations in fluid composition within a system.
The CFD Module’s general capabilities include modeling stationary and time-dependent fluid flow problems in two- and three-dimensional spaces. Formulations for different types of flow are predefined in a number of Fluid Flow interfaces, which allow you to set up and solve a variety of fluid-flow problems. These physics interfaces define a fluid-flow problem using physical quantities, such as velocity and pressure, and physical properties, such as viscosity. There are different Fluid Flow interfaces that cover a wide range of flows, for example, laminar and turbulent single-phase, multiphase, non-isothermal, and reacting flows.
The CFD Module’s general capabilities include modeling stationary and time-dependent fluid flow problems in two- and three-dimensional spaces. Formulations for different types of flow are predefined in a number of Fluid Flow interfaces, which allow you to set up and solve a variety of fluid-flow problems. These physics interfaces define a fluid-flow problem using physical quantities, such as velocity and pressure, and physical properties, such as viscosity. There are different Fluid Flow interfaces that cover a wide range of flows, for example, laminar and turbulent single-phase, multiphase, non-isothermal, and reacting flows.
Heat Transfer Module
The Heat Transfer Module is used by product designers, developers, and scientists who use detailed geometric models to study the influence of heating and cooling in devices and processes. It contains modeling tools for the simulation of all mechanisms of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Simulations can be run for transient and steady conditions in 1D, 1D axisymmetric, 2D, 2D axisymmetric, and 3D coordinate systems.
The high level of detail provided by these simulations allows for the optimization of design and operational conditions in devices and processes influenced by heat transfer.
The high level of detail provided by these simulations allows for the optimization of design and operational conditions in devices and processes influenced by heat transfer.
Pipe Flow Module
The Pipe Flow Module is an optional add-on package for COMSOL Multiphysics designed to model and simulate fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer in pipes and channels. Compressible hydraulic transients and acoustic waves can also be modeled using the Water Hammer interface and Pipe Acoustics interface, respectively. To analyze the stresses and deformation in the pipes, the Pipe Mechanics interface is available. The Pipe Flow Module can address problems involving flow velocity, pressure, temperature, stresses, deformation and sound waves in pipes and channels. Modeling pipes as curves in 2D or 3D gives a great advantage in computational efficiency over meshing and computing 3D pipes with finite diameter.
Porous Media Flow Module
The Porous Media Flow Module extends the COMSOL Multiphysics modeling environment to the quantitative investigation of mass, momentum and energy transport in porous media. The contents of the Porous Media Flow Module are a set of fundamental building blocks which cover a wide array of physics questions. The physics interfaces it offers work on their own or linked to each other. They can also be coupled to physics interfaces already built into COMSOL Multiphysics, or to new equations you create.
The physics interfaces, options, and functionalities in this module are tailored to account for processes in porous media. The Heat Transfer interfaces, for example, include options to automate the calculation of effective thermal properties for multicomponent systems. The fluid flow equations represent a wide range of possibilities. Included are Richards’ equation, which describes nonlinear flow in variably saturated porous media. The options for saturated porous media include Darcy’s law for slow flow and the Brinkman equations where shear is non negligible. The Laminar Flow and Creeping Flow interfaces cover free flows at different Reynolds numbers. The module also treats the transport of chemical species. The Transport of Diluted Species interface account for the transport of species in free flow, saturated, and partially saturated porous media. A number of examples link these physics interfaces together.
The physics interfaces, options, and functionalities in this module are tailored to account for processes in porous media. The Heat Transfer interfaces, for example, include options to automate the calculation of effective thermal properties for multicomponent systems. The fluid flow equations represent a wide range of possibilities. Included are Richards’ equation, which describes nonlinear flow in variably saturated porous media. The options for saturated porous media include Darcy’s law for slow flow and the Brinkman equations where shear is non negligible. The Laminar Flow and Creeping Flow interfaces cover free flows at different Reynolds numbers. The module also treats the transport of chemical species. The Transport of Diluted Species interface account for the transport of species in free flow, saturated, and partially saturated porous media. A number of examples link these physics interfaces together.
Liquid and Gas Properties Module
The Liquid & Gas Properties Module is a built-in thermodynamic properties database to calculate thermodynamic and transport properties for pure solutions and mixtures of chemical compounds. Properties such as enthalpy of formation, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, density, and diffusivity can be computed using a range of models. These properties can be calculated for fluids consisting of a single gas phase or a single liquid phase and for liquid-liquid, vapor-liquid, and vapor-liquid-liquid systems. For multiphase systems, the equilibrium composition can also be calculated, for example, to calculate the phase envelope for a liquid mixture at equilibrium with its vapor phase (flash calculations).
The thermodynamic properties database in the Liquid & Gas Properties Module can be combined with any module that deals with transport in fluids — for example, the CFD Module, Mixer Module, Heat Transfer Module, Pipe Flow Module, and Subsurface Flow Module.
The thermodynamic properties database in the Liquid & Gas Properties Module can be combined with any module that deals with transport in fluids — for example, the CFD Module, Mixer Module, Heat Transfer Module, Pipe Flow Module, and Subsurface Flow Module.
Mixer Module
This guide describes the Mixer Module, an optional add-on package for COMSOL Multiphysics® designed to assist you in setting up and solving transport problems in mixers and stirred vessels. The module is an add-on to the CFD Module and provides additional support for modeling fluid flow in rotating machinery.
Microfluidics Module
The Microfluidics Module allows users to quickly and accurately model single-phase flows, multiphase flows, flow through porous media, electrokinetic flows, and slightly rarefied gas flows in microfluidic systems.
The Microfluidics Module can solve stationary and time-dependent flows in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces. Formulations suitable for different types of flow are set up as predefined physics interfaces, referred to as Microfluidics physics interfaces. The Fluid Flow interfaces use physical quantities, such as pressure and flow rate, and physical properties, such as viscosity and density, to define a fluid-flow problem. Different physics interfaces are available to cover a range of microfluidic flows. Examples include: laminar flow, creeping flow, two-phase flow (phase field, level set, and moving mesh), three-phase flow (phase field), porous media flow (Darcy’s Law, the Brinkman equations, or Free and Porous Media Flow — which combines the Brinkman equations with laminar flow) and slip flow. The transport of multiple species can also be treated with the Transport of Diluted Species interface.
Molecular Flow Module
Vacuum engineers and scientists use the Molecular Flow Module to design vacuum systems and to understand and predict low pressure gas flows. The use of simulation tools in the design cycle has become more widespread as these tools improve understanding, reduce prototyping costs, and speed up development. Vacuum systems are usually very expensive to prototype, consequently increased use of simulation in the design process can result in significant savings.
Plasma Module
The Plasma Module is tailor-made to model and simulate low-temperature plasma sources and systems. Engineers and scientists use it to gain insight into the physics of discharges and gauge the performance of existing or potential designs. The module can perform analysis in all space dimensions — 1D, 2D, and 3D — although it is very rare in the plasma modeling community to do 3D modeling. Plasma systems are, by their very nature, complicated systems with a high degree of nonlinearity. Small changes to the electrical input or plasma chemistry can result in significant changes in the discharge characteristics.
Low-temperature plasmas represent the amalgamation of fluid mechanics, reaction engineering, physical kinetics, heat transfer, mass transfer, and electromagnetics. The Plasma Module is a specialized tool for modeling nonequilibrium and equilibrium discharges, which occur in a wide range of engineering disciplines.
Low-temperature plasmas represent the amalgamation of fluid mechanics, reaction engineering, physical kinetics, heat transfer, mass transfer, and electromagnetics. The Plasma Module is a specialized tool for modeling nonequilibrium and equilibrium discharges, which occur in a wide range of engineering disciplines.
Fuel Cell & Electrolyzer Module
The Fuel Cell & Electrolyzer Module simulates the fundamental processes in the electrodes and electrolytes of fuel cells and electrolyzers. These simulations may involve the transport of charged and neutral species, current conduction, fluid flow, heat transfer, and electrochemical reactions in porous electrodes.
You can use this module to investigate the performance of fuel and electrolyzer cells for different electrode configurations, membranes, separators/diaphragms, current collectors and feeders, materials, and chemistry. The description of the involved processes and phenomena is rather detailed and you can therefore apply different hypotheses to gain an understanding of the investigated systems. You can study the influence of different electrocatalysts, pore distribution, electrolyte composition, and other fundamental parameters directly in the physics interfaces.
You can use this module to investigate the performance of fuel and electrolyzer cells for different electrode configurations, membranes, separators/diaphragms, current collectors and feeders, materials, and chemistry. The description of the involved processes and phenomena is rather detailed and you can therefore apply different hypotheses to gain an understanding of the investigated systems. You can study the influence of different electrocatalysts, pore distribution, electrolyte composition, and other fundamental parameters directly in the physics interfaces.
Polymer Flow Module
Non-Newtonian fluids are found in a great variety of processes in the polymer, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, household, and fine chemicals industries. Examples of these fluids are coatings, paints, yogurt, ketchup, colloidal suspensions, aqueous suspensions of drugs, lotions, creams, shampoo, suspensions of peptides and proteins, to mention a few. The Polymer Flow Module is an optional add-on package for COMSOL Multiphysics designed to aid engineers and scientists in simulating flows of non-Newtonian fluids with viscoelastic, thixotropic, shear thickening, or shear thinning properties. Simulations can be used to gain physical insight into the behavior of complex fluids, reduce prototyping costs, and to speed up development. The Polymer Flow Module allows users to quickly and accurately model single-phase flows, multiphase flows, nonisothermal flows, and reacting flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.
Particle Tracing Module
The Particle Tracing Module is a general-purpose tool for computing the paths of particles as they move through a geometry and are subjected to various forces. The simulated particles could represent ions, electrons, cells, grains of sand, projectiles, planets, stars, and much more.
Most of the physics interfaces in COMSOL Multiphysics use the Finite Element Method (FEM) to compute fields such as temperature, fluid velocity, electric potential, concentration, or displacement. In contrast, particle tracing provides a Lagrangian description of a problem, in which the particles are treated as discrete entities that can interact with external fields, with boundaries in the surrounding geometry, and with each other. Their trajectories are computed in the time domain by solving a set of equations based on their laws of motion.
Most of the physics interfaces in COMSOL Multiphysics use the Finite Element Method (FEM) to compute fields such as temperature, fluid velocity, electric potential, concentration, or displacement. In contrast, particle tracing provides a Lagrangian description of a problem, in which the particles are treated as discrete entities that can interact with external fields, with boundaries in the surrounding geometry, and with each other. Their trajectories are computed in the time domain by solving a set of equations based on their laws of motion.
Subsurface Flow Module
The Subsurface Flow Module extends the COMSOL Multiphysics modeling environment to the quantitative investigation of geophysical and environmental phenomena. The Subsurface Flow Module includes physics interfaces geared to earth-science investigations as well as a library of examples that address a range of problems. The available ready-to-run applications demonstrate a range of the included features, and also provide insight into COMSOL Multiphysics modeling in general. Each application comes with step-by-step instructions to reproduce it in the graphical user interface along with any data or additional files needed to build it on your own. Those who are unfamiliar with some of the equations or computational techniques included in the module should find the applications and the documentation extremely beneficial.
Chemical Reaction Engineering Module
The Chemical Reaction Engineering Module is tailor-made for the modeling of chemical systems primarily affected by chemical composition, reaction kinetics, fluid flow, and temperature as functions of space and time. It has several interfaces to model chemical reaction kinetics: mass transport in dilute, concentrated and electric potential-affected solutions, laminar and porous media flows, and energy transport.
Included in these interfaces are the kinetic expressions for reacting systems, in bulk solutions and on catalytic surfaces, and models for the definition of mass transport. You also have access to a variety of ready-made expressions in order to calculate a system’s thermodynamic and transport properties.
Included in these interfaces are the kinetic expressions for reacting systems, in bulk solutions and on catalytic surfaces, and models for the definition of mass transport. You also have access to a variety of ready-made expressions in order to calculate a system’s thermodynamic and transport properties.
Structural Mechanics Module
The Structural Mechanics Module is tailor-made for modeling and simulating applications and designs in the fields of structural and solid mechanics. Engineers and scientists use it to design new structures and devices and to study the performance of existing structures.
With this module you can perform static and dynamic analyses in for solids (2D, 2D axisymmetry, 3D), shells (2D axisymmetry, 3D), plates (2D), membranes (2D axisymmetry, 3D), trusses (2D, 3D), beams (2D, 3D), and pipes (2D, 3D). Other capabilities are for thermal stress, geometric nonlinearities (large deformations), and structural contact.
With this module you can perform static and dynamic analyses in for solids (2D, 2D axisymmetry, 3D), shells (2D axisymmetry, 3D), plates (2D), membranes (2D axisymmetry, 3D), trusses (2D, 3D), beams (2D, 3D), and pipes (2D, 3D). Other capabilities are for thermal stress, geometric nonlinearities (large deformations), and structural contact.
Nonlinear Structural Materials Module
The Nonlinear Structural Materials Module is an optional add-on package for COMSOL Multiphysics® designed to assist you to model structural behavior that includes nonlinear materials. The module is an add-on to the Structural Mechanics Module or the MEMS Module and extends it with support for modeling nonlinear materials, including hyperelasticity, creep, plasticity, and viscoplasticity. The module is designed for researchers, engineers, developers, teachers, and students who want to simulate nonlinear structural materials, including a full range of possible multiphysics couplings.
Rotordynamics Module
The Rotordynamics Module, which requires the Structural Mechanics Module, can be used to model the rotor of a rotating machinery mounted with various stationary and rotating components. Using this module, you can obtain the dynamic response of a rotor when subjected to external loads and thus the operational behavior of the rotor for different angular speeds. You can also produce a stability map of the rotor against different angular speeds. Some major application areas are automotive, aerospace, power generation, electrical machines, and home appliances.
Multibody Dynamics Module
The Multibody Dynamics Module can be used to model the static and dynamic behavior of rigid or flexible components connected using joints with certain degrees of freedom. The components can then undergo complex combinations of translational and rotational motions with respect to one another. Some major application areas are for automotive applications, aerospace engineering, biomechanics, biomedical instruments, robotics, and general dynamic simulations.
The Multibody Dynamics interface is used to model assemblies of flexible components, rigid components, or the combination of both. Flexible components can be defined through solid, shell, or beam elements. They can also have geometric and material nonlinearity. With this physics interface, you can simultaneously perform a system analysis and a detailed component analysis of a mechanical system.
The Multibody Dynamics interface is used to model assemblies of flexible components, rigid components, or the combination of both. Flexible components can be defined through solid, shell, or beam elements. They can also have geometric and material nonlinearity. With this physics interface, you can simultaneously perform a system analysis and a detailed component analysis of a mechanical system.
Composite Materials Module
The Composite Materials Module is an optional add-on package for COMSOL Multiphysics® designed to assist you in modeling structural behavior that includes layered shells. The module is an add-on to the Structural Mechanics Module. Using the Composite Materials Module, a laminated composite shell, also known as composite laminate, can be modeled. A composite laminate is an assembly of layers made of fibrous composite materials. It is designed to provide required in-plane stiffness, bending stiffness, shear stiffness, and coefficient of thermal expansion, etc. Different materials can be used in different layers, producing a hybrid laminate. In general, the individual layers are orthotropic or transversely isotropic, making the laminate anisotropic.
Multiscale analysis of a composite laminate can be done using micromechanical and macromechanical modeling approaches. A micromechanical analysis considers an individual layer, where representative volume elements of the fiber containing matrix are used. The aim is to compute the homogenized material properties of a single layer. In contrast, a macromechanical analysis considers an entire laminate that consists of many layers. The aim is to compute the macroscopic response of a laminate under various loading conditions.
Multiscale analysis of a composite laminate can be done using micromechanical and macromechanical modeling approaches. A micromechanical analysis considers an individual layer, where representative volume elements of the fiber containing matrix are used. The aim is to compute the homogenized material properties of a single layer. In contrast, a macromechanical analysis considers an entire laminate that consists of many layers. The aim is to compute the macroscopic response of a laminate under various loading conditions.
Fatigue Module
The Fatigue Module is intended for fatigue analysis of structures. The term fatigue is used to describe the phenomenon where a component fails after repeated loadings and unloadings, even though the magnitude of each individual load is smaller than the ultimate stress of the material. The Fatigue Module is an add-on module to the Structural Mechanics Module.
Using the Fatigue interface, you can compute the risk of fatigue cracks occurring in a structure where the stress and strain state during a single load cycle has been computed. One of the Solid Mechanics; Shell; Plate; Membrane; Solid Rotor; Solid Rotor, Fixed Frame; or Multibody Dynamics interfaces is used along with the Fatigue interface to accomplish this analysis.
Using the Fatigue interface, you can compute the risk of fatigue cracks occurring in a structure where the stress and strain state during a single load cycle has been computed. One of the Solid Mechanics; Shell; Plate; Membrane; Solid Rotor; Solid Rotor, Fixed Frame; or Multibody Dynamics interfaces is used along with the Fatigue interface to accomplish this analysis.
Geomechanics Module
The Geomechanics Module is an optional package that extends the Structural Mechanics Module to the quantitative investigation of geotechnical processes. It is designed for researchers, engineers, developers, teachers, and students, and suits both single-physics and interdisciplinary studies within geomechanics and soil mechanics.
Corrosion Module
The Corrosion Module is intended for the modeling and simulation of corrosion and corrosion protection of metal structures. The module defines components in 1D, 2D, and 3D structures that describe the electrochemical reactions, corrosion reactions, and other surface reactions at the interface between a metal structure and a solution (acting as electrolyte). Also transport of ions and neutral species in the solution, including homogeneous reactions, and current conduction in the metal structure can be included in the models. The simulations can be used to understand and avoid corrosion as well as to design and optimize corrosion protection.
Acoustics Module
The Acoustics Module consists of a set of physics interfaces that enable you to simulate the propagation of sound in fluids and solids in a fully multiphysics-enabled environment. The available physics interfaces include pressure acoustics, elastic waves, acoustic-solid interaction, aeroacoustics (detailed convected acoustic models), thermoviscous acoustics, ultrasound, geometrical acoustics, and pipe acoustics. For acoustic analysis, covering the frequency range from infrasound to ultrasonics as well as many formulations of the underlying equations, the Acoustics Module incorporates four numerical methods, including finite elements (FEM), boundary elements (BEM), discontinuous Galerkin (dG-FEM), and ray tracing.
Acoustic simulations using this module can easily solve classical problems such as scattering, diffraction, emission, radiation, and transmission of sound. These problems are relevant to muffler design, loudspeaker construction, sound insulation for absorbers and diffusers, the evaluation of directional acoustic patterns like directivity, noise radiation problems, and much more.
Acoustic simulations using this module can easily solve classical problems such as scattering, diffraction, emission, radiation, and transmission of sound. These problems are relevant to muffler design, loudspeaker construction, sound insulation for absorbers and diffusers, the evaluation of directional acoustic patterns like directivity, noise radiation problems, and much more.
Metal Processing Module
The Metal Processing Module can be used to model different physical phenomena related to heat treatment of metals. Using this module, you can study how metallurgical phase transformations change the microstructure of a metallic material during a heating or cooling process. One example is the quenching of automotive steel transmission components, where the resulting microstructure is tailored to meet specific demands on strength and durability. Other examples include the study of phase transformations that occur during additive manufacturing of metal components and phase transformations in the heat-affected zone during welding.
Electrochemistry Module
The Electrochemistry Module is intended for the modeling and simulation of generic electrochemical cells. The module defines components in 1D, 2D, and 3D geometries that describe the electrochemical reactions, and other surface reactions, at the interface between a metal electrode and an electrolyte, as well as the transport of ions and neutral species in the electrolyte, including possible homogeneous reactions. The current conduction within the metal electrode can also be modeled.
The descriptions in the Electrochemistry Module allow for the simulation of systems at different scales and at different levels of detail, ranging from rudimentary current distribution analysis of industrial cells in the range of meters down to the detailed chemical and electrochemical phenomena within a pore of a porous electrode, or at, and in the vicinity of, a microelectrode. In terms of size, geometric complexity, and complexity in the described phenomena, the Electrochemistry Module is able to handle these modeling extremes and anything in between.
The descriptions in the Electrochemistry Module allow for the simulation of systems at different scales and at different levels of detail, ranging from rudimentary current distribution analysis of industrial cells in the range of meters down to the detailed chemical and electrochemical phenomena within a pore of a porous electrode, or at, and in the vicinity of, a microelectrode. In terms of size, geometric complexity, and complexity in the described phenomena, the Electrochemistry Module is able to handle these modeling extremes and anything in between.
AC/DC Module
The AC/DC Module is used to understand, predict, and design electric and magnetic fields in static, low-frequency, and transient applications. Simulations of this kind result in more powerful and efficient products and engineering methods. The module allows its users to quickly and accurately predict electromagnetic field distributions, electromagnetic forces, and power dissipation in a proposed design. Compared to traditional prototyping, COMSOL Multiphysics helps to lower costs and can evaluate and predict entities that are not directly measurable in experiments. It also allows the exploration of operating conditions that would destroy a real prototype or be hazardous.
The AC/DC Module includes stationary and dynamic electric and magnetic fields in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces along with traditional circuit-based modeling of passive and active devices. All modeling formulations are based on Maxwell’s equations or subsets and special cases of these, together with various constitutive relations and material models. The modeling capabilities are accessed via a number of predefined physics interfaces, referred to as AC/DC interfaces, which allow you to set up and solve electromagnetic models. The AC/DC interfaces cover electrostatics, DC current flow, magnetostatics, AC and transient current flow, AC and transient magnetodynamics, and AC electromagnetic (full Maxwell) formulations.
The AC/DC Module includes stationary and dynamic electric and magnetic fields in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces along with traditional circuit-based modeling of passive and active devices. All modeling formulations are based on Maxwell’s equations or subsets and special cases of these, together with various constitutive relations and material models. The modeling capabilities are accessed via a number of predefined physics interfaces, referred to as AC/DC interfaces, which allow you to set up and solve electromagnetic models. The AC/DC interfaces cover electrostatics, DC current flow, magnetostatics, AC and transient current flow, AC and transient magnetodynamics, and AC electromagnetic (full Maxwell) formulations.
Battery Design Module
The Battery Design Module models and simulates the fundamental processes in the electrodes and electrolytes of batteries. These simulations may involve the transport of charged and neutral species, current conduction, fluid flow, heat transfer, and electrochemical reactions in porous electrodes.
You can use this module to investigate the performance of batteries at different operating conditions for different electrode configurations, separators, current collectors and feeders, materials, and chemistry. The description of the involved processes and phenomena is rather detailed, and you can therefore apply different hypotheses to gain an understanding of the investigated systems. You can study the influence of different electrocatalysts, pore distribution, electrolyte composition, and other fundamental parameters directly in the physics interface.
You can also couple the electrochemistry to other physics such as heat transfer, fluid flow, structural mechanics, and chemical species transport in order to study phenomena like aging, thermal effects and stress-strain relationships.
You can use this module to investigate the performance of batteries at different operating conditions for different electrode configurations, separators, current collectors and feeders, materials, and chemistry. The description of the involved processes and phenomena is rather detailed, and you can therefore apply different hypotheses to gain an understanding of the investigated systems. You can study the influence of different electrocatalysts, pore distribution, electrolyte composition, and other fundamental parameters directly in the physics interface.
You can also couple the electrochemistry to other physics such as heat transfer, fluid flow, structural mechanics, and chemical species transport in order to study phenomena like aging, thermal effects and stress-strain relationships.
Electrodeposition Module
The Electrodeposition Module is intended to investigate the influence of different parameters in an electrodeposition cell or on the thickness and composition of deposited layers.
A typical simulation yields the current distribution in the electrodeposition cell and at the surface of the electrodes. Faraday’s law and the properties of the deposited material give them the thickness and composition of the deposited layer. This module is able to model cells both when the deposited thickness is negligible in comparison to the inter-electrode gap and where the growth and dissolution of the electrodes have to be taken into account using moving boundaries.
A typical simulation yields the current distribution in the electrodeposition cell and at the surface of the electrodes. Faraday’s law and the properties of the deposited material give them the thickness and composition of the deposited layer. This module is able to model cells both when the deposited thickness is negligible in comparison to the inter-electrode gap and where the growth and dissolution of the electrodes have to be taken into account using moving boundaries.
RF Module
The RF Module is used by engineers and scientists to understand, predict, and design electromagnetic wave propagation and resonance effects in high-frequency applications. It allows its users to quickly and accurately predict electromagnetic field distributions, transmission, reflection, and power dissipation in a proposed design. Compared to traditional prototyping, it offers the benefits of lower cost and the ability to evaluate and predict entities that are not directly measurable in experiments. It also allows the exploration of operating conditions that would destroy a real prototype or be hazardous.
This module covers electromagnetic fields and waves in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces along with traditional circuit-based modeling of passive and active devices. All modeling formulations are based on Maxwell’s equations or subsets and special cases of these together with material constitutive relations for propagation in various media. The modeling capabilities are accessed via predefined physics interfaces, referred to as Radio Frequency (RF) interfaces, which allow you to set up and solve electromagnetic models. The RF interfaces cover the modeling of electromagnetic fields and waves in frequency domain, time domain, eigenfrequency, and mode analysis.
Semiconductor Module
The Semiconductor Module includes a predefined Semiconductor interface, which is based on the conventional drift-diffusion formulation. An optional density-gradient implementation is also available to provide a computationally efficient method to add the effect of quantum confinement to the drift-diffusion equation system.
In addition, a predefined Schrödinger Equation interface and a predefined Schrödinger-Poisson Equation multiphysics interface allow more detailed modeling of quantum-confined systems such as quantum wells, wires, and dots.
The Semiconductor Module enables the stationary and dynamic performance of devices to be modeled in one, two and three dimensions, together with circuit-based modeling of active and passive devices. In the frequency domain, it is possible to model devices driven by a combination of AC and DC signals. A broad range of semiconductor devices can be modeled, and phenomena such as heat generation, electrochemical reaction, and optoelectronic effects can be straightforwardly included using predefined or manual couplings.
In addition, a predefined Schrödinger Equation interface and a predefined Schrödinger-Poisson Equation multiphysics interface allow more detailed modeling of quantum-confined systems such as quantum wells, wires, and dots.
The Semiconductor Module enables the stationary and dynamic performance of devices to be modeled in one, two and three dimensions, together with circuit-based modeling of active and passive devices. In the frequency domain, it is possible to model devices driven by a combination of AC and DC signals. A broad range of semiconductor devices can be modeled, and phenomena such as heat generation, electrochemical reaction, and optoelectronic effects can be straightforwardly included using predefined or manual couplings.
MEMS Module
The MEMS Module is used by engineers and scientists to understand, predict, and design microsystems. The use of simulation tools in the design cycle can enhance understanding, reduce prototyping, and ultimately produce better products with lower development costs. The MEMS Module allows users to quickly and accurately predict the structural, electrical, and thermal performance of MEMS devices. The built-in multiphysics capabilities in COMSOL Multiphysics make it straightforward to model devices in which different physical effects are coupled, making it particularly suited to address a wide range of problems encountered in MEMS design.
The MEMS Module enables the stationary and dynamic performance of devices to be modeled in two and three dimensions, together with circuit-based modeling of active and passive devices. In the frequency domain, powerful tools are available to model devices driven by a combination of AC and DC signals or forces. Predefined physics interfaces, referred to as MEMS physics interfaces, address a wide range of physical phenomena that are employed in MEMS sensors and actuators. MEMS physics interfaces are available for simulating structural mechanics, electrostatics, electric currents, piezoelectricity, piezoresistivity, thin-film fluid flow, heat transfer, and electrical circuits. These physics interfaces can also be coupled arbitrarily to solve multiphysics problems, and a number of predefined couplings are also available as MEMS physics interfaces. These include electromechanics (for combining electrostatic forces with structural mechanics), Joule heating, Joule heating and thermal expansion, and fluid-structure interaction (for combining fluid flow with structural mechanics).
The MEMS Module enables the stationary and dynamic performance of devices to be modeled in two and three dimensions, together with circuit-based modeling of active and passive devices. In the frequency domain, powerful tools are available to model devices driven by a combination of AC and DC signals or forces. Predefined physics interfaces, referred to as MEMS physics interfaces, address a wide range of physical phenomena that are employed in MEMS sensors and actuators. MEMS physics interfaces are available for simulating structural mechanics, electrostatics, electric currents, piezoelectricity, piezoresistivity, thin-film fluid flow, heat transfer, and electrical circuits. These physics interfaces can also be coupled arbitrarily to solve multiphysics problems, and a number of predefined couplings are also available as MEMS physics interfaces. These include electromechanics (for combining electrostatic forces with structural mechanics), Joule heating, Joule heating and thermal expansion, and fluid-structure interaction (for combining fluid flow with structural mechanics).
Ray Optics Module
The Ray Optics Module is a computational tool for modeling the propagation of light and other electromagnetic radiation with a ray tracing approach. The rays can propagate through the model geometry while being reflected, refracted, or absorbed at boundaries.
You can control where the rays are released, and in what direction. You can also assign different boundary conditions to every surface in the geometry.
You can control where the rays are released, and in what direction. You can also assign different boundary conditions to every surface in the geometry.
Wave Optics Module
The Wave Optics Module is used by engineers and scientists to understand, predict, and design electromagnetic wave propagation and resonance effects in optical applications. Simulations of this kind result in more powerful and efficient products and engineering methods. It allows its users to quickly and accurately predict electromagnetic field distributions, transmission and reflection coefficients, and power dissipation in a proposed design. It also allows the exploration of operating conditions that would destroy a real prototype or be hazardous.
This module covers electromagnetic fields and waves in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces. All modeling formulations are based on Maxwell’s equations together with material laws for propagation in various media. The modeling capabilities are accessed via predefined physics interfaces, collectively referred to as Wave Optics interfaces, which allow you to set up and solve electromagnetic models.
This module covers electromagnetic fields and waves in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces. All modeling formulations are based on Maxwell’s equations together with material laws for propagation in various media. The modeling capabilities are accessed via predefined physics interfaces, collectively referred to as Wave Optics interfaces, which allow you to set up and solve electromagnetic models.
Optimization Module
The Optimization Module is a general-purpose add-on to COMSOL Multiphysics and its other modules. It consists of a physics interface, special study steps, solvers, a density topology feature, and an application library. It can be used in combination with essentially any of the other products in the COMSOL Multiphysics product suite.
The Optimization Module is a general interface for computing optimal solutions to engineering problems to, for example, improve a design so that it minimizes energy consumption or maximizes the output. Any model inputs such as geometric dimensions and part shapes, material properties, and material distribution can be treated as design variables, and any model output can be an objective function.
The Optimization Module is a general interface for computing optimal solutions to engineering problems to, for example, improve a design so that it minimizes energy consumption or maximizes the output. Any model inputs such as geometric dimensions and part shapes, material properties, and material distribution can be treated as design variables, and any model output can be an objective function.
Uncertainty Quantification Module
The Uncertainty Quantification Module can be used throughout the COMSOL product family. It can be used in conjunction with any combination of other COMSOL® products to provide a general interface for characterizing uncertainties, propagating input uncertainties in COMSOL Multiphysics models, and statistically analyzing output quantities of interest.
The Uncertainty Quantification Module can use any model parameters as inputs. The analyses performed are global in nature. In other words, the variations in the inputs need not be small. This ability makes the functionality very versatile for a number of investigation scenarios. A COMSOL model is, for most applications, a mathematical model of reality.
The Uncertainty Quantification Module can use any model parameters as inputs. The analyses performed are global in nature. In other words, the variations in the inputs need not be small. This ability makes the functionality very versatile for a number of investigation scenarios. A COMSOL model is, for most applications, a mathematical model of reality.